It is of greater concern than near surface compaction because it is a difficult problem to solve and may take many years, or even decades, under vigorous pasture to rehabilitate. A r,ew testing procedure using undisturbed compacted sarnples is deveroped. Compaction compaction is the process of increasing the density of soil by mechanical means by packing soil particles closer. The following observations can be made from a typical compaction test. Compaction usda natural resources conservation service april 1996 how can compacted soils be identified. Tires, traction and compaction certified crop adviser. Soil compaction is a problem that is often overlooked when attempting to identify causes of reduced production. Two measurements were taken at each site, the first one at the 3 depth and the second at the 6 depth. Compaction of soil is a process of densification of soil by displacing air from the pores by applying external stress on soil at different moisture content. Tires, traction and compaction jodi dejonghughes, university of minnesota extension 1. The line of optimum moisture contents is usually around 85% saturation and the optimum moisture content decreases with increasing compactive effort. Soil and foundation engineering indian standard code books free download pdf is 1080 1985 code of practice for design and construction of shallow foundations in soils other than raft, ring and shell click here is 1498 1970 classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes click here is 1888 1982 method of. Compaction tests results vary with the input compactive effort, usually measured in foot pounds per cubic foot of soil. Proctor soil compaction test procedures, tools and results.
Deep soil compaction is excessive soil compaction below the normal annual tillage depth, usually 1520 cm. For instance, a compaction test similar to the bs light test but using, say, 50 blows per layer. A compaction test is a soil quality test used to assess the level of compaction which can occur in the soil on a site. If different soils are mixed, then check points should be calculated to ascertain the optimum moisture level for the soil mixture being placed and tested. Laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort. Measures density of soil for comparing the degree of compaction vs specs. Soil quality information sheet soil quality resource concerns. Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into. Formation of a compound by the combining of water with some other substance.
Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structural failure. The proctor compaction test is a test that compacts the soil material at various moisture. The nature of soil compaction a productive forest soil is typically a. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them figure 1. How to do a compaction test or insitu density test. Generally before any soil compaction occurs various samples of the proposed embankment or fill is analyzed in the lab. A standard measure for reporting the compaction results of ic rollers has not been established. Soil compaction testings are performed by professional engineering companies specializing in geotechnical work. Laboratory impact compaction tests on aggregate mixes with fines. Astm d 1557 laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using. Measurements of soil strength and test strips of ripping help quantify restrictions and confirm if other constraints such as soil acidity or salinity are present. But it has a major limitation that this test is not suitable for saturated and soft soils. Soil compaction can be a serious form of soil degradation.
Laboratory soil compaction test is used to obtain a decrease in volume of the soil. Compaction, in general, is a densification of soil by removal of water from the voids of the soil. Each test procedure has a separate learning module. Manual of soil laboratory testing 314 every different degree of compaction on a particular soil results in a different compaction curve, each with unique values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Pdf compaction of the subsoil affects a range of soil functions and ecosystem services. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of. Compaction curves should be prepared for all types of soil in the project area, before earthwork commences. Accordingly, each ic equipment manufacturer has developed its own unique method for characterizing the level of soilsubbase layer compaction which in turn is incorporated into its own proprietary software for data processing and display. The proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. Pdf simplified method to predict compaction curves and. Model your spreadsheet after the spreadsheet posted on the class web site for the lecture example.
The mean moisture percentages of the wetted soils of sites 1,2 and 3 were 14,8%, 15,4% and 16,1 % respectively these values did not differ significantly. Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. Compaction is simply the arrangement of soil particles to create a density that is high enough to limit root growth, soil moisture, and aeration. If you are dealing with a contractor who has not previously worked in the area, you should be wary. Combine equation 2cl and 2c2 to get the value of point d, i.
For each penetrometer the soil compaction of the dry and wet soils of site 1 were greater than the soil compaction of the dry and wet soils of site 2 and site 3. Based on the results of these tests as well as additional tests to measure the compressibility of the soil, recommendations were. Both the original and modified here the modified proctor compaction test 1946. The final soil survey is done after the line for a project has been approved by the location and design division. Confident identification of soil compaction to restrict crop or pasture growth uses diagnosis combining visual symptoms of plant, root and soil features. On july 16, 2002 a soil compaction test was performed on each site. Causes and management s oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary form of soil degradation that can result in increased soil erosion and decreased crop production. Interpetation of test results official portal of ukm. The importance of compaction soil erosion control soil. Table 81 testing locations, soil types and compaction devices. Compaction of soil is an important process, as it helps it of achieve certain physical properties necessary for its proper behaviour under loading. Fundamentals of soil compaction intelligent compaction. The test is used to define the optimum level of soil or aggregate that can be compacted into a.
Construction specification csor023 is applicable to all types of earthfill including fill sections. The results of the field compaction tests on the first soil lift are presented in table 2. The test is named in honor of ralph roscoe proctor, who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on the amount of water the soil. A study of effective soil compaction control of granular soils. Factors affecting compaction of soil effect on different. Is code book soil and foundation engineering indian. A laboratory test program evaluated alternative test methods for granular soil compaction control and showed that a vibrating hammer method similar to british standard bs 77. Compaction of a soil layer is judged by how much resistance a penetrometer encounters through the soil profile. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for specification of. Following the different factors affecting compaction of soil. A great deal of judgment is required when performing such work. Astm d7380 15 standard test method for soil compaction. The msa manual covers three different methods of analysis. Most contractors get a feel for these figures, based on their local experience.
Soil compaction spreadsheet create a microsoft excel spreadsheet to analyze modified proctor test data and sand cone test data. Proctor test on a given soil we can gain a wealth of. Soil quality information sheet soil quality resource. Health and safety publications, series on testing and assessment, no. The importance of compaction the process of compaction in pavement and subgrade material is a method of mechanically induced stress applied repetitiously to achieve a desired density to promote both short and long term performance.
As previously mentioned, compaction is the densification of soils by the. Soil compaction compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio. A cone penetrometer is an instrument used by soil scientist and engineers, to measure the force required to penetrate a standard sized cone through a soil. Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores, less total pore volume and consequently a greater density. The driving force behind the compaction problem is the efforts of farming to remain economically viable in a. Alternative compaction recommendations are also presented based on txdots tx 1e compaction. Compaction, relative compaction, dry density, moisture content. Goal of compaction place loose soil in the field and compact it to make soil strong as possible. Soil compaction is typically required by contract or specifications to be the responsibility of the contractor.
A study of effective soil compaction control of granular soils by vincent drnevich, p. Compaction of soil purpose and effects of soil compaction. The main differences between soil compaction and consolidation process is given below. Subgrade soils prior to the application of topsoil see permanent seeding and stabilization notes for topsoil requirements shall be free of excessive compaction to a depth of 6. Compaction and consolidation are two different processes which causes volume reduction of soil. Compaction teagasc agriculture and food development. Pdf improvements of the soils in sites are usually necessary to achieve.
The first soil lift was placed and field compaction tests were conducted in accordance with the project specifications. The procedure defined in this manual has been adopted from procedures used by member. Soil decompaction and testing requirements soil compaction testing requirements 1. Pdf evaluation of changes in soil compaction due to the. How to calculate a compaction test report quality assurance and quality control in construction december 27, 2014 is a continuation of the previous article i posted how to do a compaction test or insitu density test, about calculation of the test report. Compaction of the subsoil affects a range of soil functions and ecosystem services.
Procter test several samples of the same soil, but at different water contents, are compacted according to the compaction test specification the soil is mixed with varying amounts of water to achieve different water contents dr. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for. The compaction curve between moisture content and dry unit weight should be prepared for all types of. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use. This is a laboratory run test that determines the maximum theoretical dry density of soils utilizing a 5. Compaction curve method 1 laboratory static compaction at 790 kpa 2 modified aashto compaction 3 standard proctor compaction 4 laboratory static compaction at 79kpa 5 field compaction rubber lyred loaded,6 passes 6 field compaction sheeps foot rollers,6 passes method of compaction 10. Soil compaction refers to the physical degradation of the soil resulting in densification and distortion of soil where biological activity, porosity and permeability are reduced, strength is increased and soil structure is partly destroyed european commission, 2014. Effect of compaction and soil test potassium levels on. Soil and aggregate compaction maryland state highway.
The compaction curve between moisture content and dry unit weight should be prepared for all types of soil in the project area, before. The driving force behind the compaction problem is the efforts of. There are many types of soil compaction tests which are performed on soil. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids. They may also be performed to learn more about a soil in a particular area, whether or not the area is slated for development. Compaction tests are commonly performed as part of a geotechnical profile of a building site. For class a compactioncompaction test method and required percent of maximum. Pdf this paper concerns the results of changes in soil compaction after the passages of combine harvester. October 2010 agdex 5101 agricultural soil compaction. An overall conclusion to be drawn is that the dry density v moisture content relationship obtained for a soil from a laboratory test is not property of a soil. This is very logical for better compaction of soil. Your field compaction test results for the second soil lift taken at the intervals required by the project specifications are listed in table a.
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